Nearly 1 million Russian soldiers have been killed or injured in the country’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine, according to a new study, a grisly measure of the human cost of Russian President’s Vladimir Putin’s unprovoked three-year assault on its neighbor.

Since the start of its full-scale invasion in February 2022, Russia has suffered around 993,910 total casualties, including both killed and wounded soldiers, according to Ukrainian military data. In addition to personnel losses,

With high casualty figures and the slow pace of Russia’s territorial gains, President Vladimir V. Putin could face years more of a grinding war of attrition in Ukraine.