and the Allied forces, initially under the command of British generals and later joined by American and Free French forces. The campaign began in earnest during the summer of 1940, when Italian ...

French forces similarly left the Central African Republic ... “stems from its sole will, as a free, independent and sovereign country,” adding there were “no discussions or negotiations ...

“In 1942, Libya was central to de Gaulle’s geopolitical strategy: about 9,000 men served there between January and October, representing half of the total strength of Free French Forces [land, air, ...