Mathematics is distinguished from the sciences by the freedom it enjoys in choosing basic assumptions from which consequences can be deduced by applying the laws of logic. We call the basic ...

Circle theorems are properties that are true for all circles, regardless of their size. There are six theorems to learn and recognise. Questions can have a combination of theorems. It is important to ...

IN connexion with the discussion of the physical interpretation of the quantum theoretical methods developed during recent years, I should like to make the following general remarks regarding the ...

Stochastic processes form the backbone of modern probability theory, describing systems that evolve randomly over time or space. They are instrumental in areas ranging from statistical physics to ...