Introduction to ciphers and substitution. Alice and Bob and Carl and Julius: terminology and Caesar Cipher ; The key to the matter: generalizing the Caesar Cipher ; Multiplicative ciphers ; Affine ...

You can make a message secret in countless different ways. One common way is to use a substitution cipher, in which one letter is substituted for another. Another is to employ a transposition cipher, ...

Since ancient times, people have relied on cryptography, the art of writing and solving coded messages, to keep their secrets secure. In the fifth century, enciphered messages were inscribed on ...

The Double Playfair is an extension of the Playfair to use two separate keys and to encipher each pair of letters twice. The German police made the mistake in late 1941 of switching from the rather ...