Troubleshooting refrigeration equipment often requires measuring various electrical properties such as voltages, current flows, and resistances. Understanding these basic electrical fundamentals and ...

It has long been known that the simple combination of a depletion-mode MOSFET (and before these were available, a JFET) and a resistor made a simple, serviceable current source such as that seen on ...

Author Mazi Hosseini describes a simple, low-cost, voltage-controlled current source using two op amps that provides a good range of current and maximum load. One challenge in circuit design is ...

Designed specifically for high-voltage sensing, a new generation of optically isolated amplifiers make monitoring and system protection circuits more accurate and easier to design. These iso-amps can ...