The intensifying strategic competition between the US and China has made artificial intelligence (AI) one of the central pillars of national security policy. Major powers are investing heavily in ...

How can conflict transformation and mediation processes adequately address the interplay between religion and politics? This question is at the heart of our Culture and Religion in Mediation program ...

The growing complexity of border-transcending security issues confronts the international community with a plethora of challenges. Within the topic of “Global Security”, we examine how geopolitical ...

At the heart of the Center for Security Studies (CSS) research activities are key questions of contemporary security and strategy. We are particularly interested in the changing landscape of threats ...

The IT Army of Ukraine was stood up in an ad-hoc manner without a clearly structured and proven plan. Born out of necessity, the IT Army subsequently evolved into a hybrid construct that is neither ...

Recent revelations of Chinese government-backed hacking show a recurring pattern: prominent hackers behind groups such as APT17, APT27, APT41, Flax Typhoon, and Red Hotel—monikers given by ...

At the NATO Summit in Wales nearly a decade ago, NATO recognized that cyber defense is an inseparable part of collective defense. Therefore, a cyberattack against one or more member states can trigger ...

From the buildup of Russian tanks along the Ukrainian border to images of destruction raging through cities and villages, we all watched the war in Ukraine unfold with images from the sky. When Russia ...

Historically, discussions on cyber conflict have primarily centered on the involvement of state-sponsored or affiliated groups. Yet, the growing prominence of criminal actors – specifically, ...

This book tries to answer the following seven questions: ...

Reports and information disclosures by threat intelligence providers, government agencies, think tanks, and online hacktivists have exposed China’s elaborate multifaceted “hack-for-hire” ecosystem ...

As European interest and involvement in the Indo-Pacific increases, inevitable and pressing questions arise concerning the value of these ambitions for both European and Indo-Pacific security. Even ...